Projects
Quantifying Nature Dose Indoors
Building Design in Permanent Supportive Housing
In ProgressSustainable Cities
In ProgressAI-Driven Deliberation for Data Centers
Nature Exposure & Remote Work
Architectural Interventions & Occupant Well-Being
Climate Change & Bangladeshi Infrastructure
Temporary Works Design for High-Speed 2
Gas Replacement
Sustainable Water Supplies in Rural Nicaragua
Quantifying Nature Dose in Indoor Built Environments
This project addressed a key gap in the literature: the absence of a standardized method for quantifying how much indoor nature building occupants are exposed to, which had long limited researchers' understanding of how much nature people actually need. The project developed the Nature View Potential (NVP) tool, which uses grid segmentation and ray casting in 3D building models to calculate the average proportion of nature visible from a given space. Using this tool, dose-response studies were designed and conducted to explore the complex relationships between indoor nature dose and occupants' well-being outcomes, including stress, sense of belonging, and restoration. A central finding was that an NVP of approximately 20% optimizes well-being, while very high doses of around 60% can paradoxically elevate stress.
Building Design in Permanent Supportive Housing for the Unhoused
This project explores how the built environment can be designed to support trauma-informed care, with a focus on formerly homeless individuals living in permanent supportive housing (PSH) — housing designed to provide both a stable home and wraparound services. We partnered with a non-profit organization to collect data at two PSH buildings in San Francisco, conducting semi-structured interviews with 13–15 residents per building. Participants answered questions about their well-being and the physical features of their building. Thematic and content analyses revealed that building upkeep and noise were most consequential for well-being, while biophilic features improved self-reported well-being by providing multi-sensory stimuli and increasing perceived control over the environment.
The Role of Indoor & Outdoor Nature Exposure for Remote Workers
This project was based on a longitudinal study that surveyed a US national sample of remote workers who had transitioned from office to home-based work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conducted across four time points between December 2020 and March 2023, it examined how indoor and outdoor nature exposure in home environments affected a variety of well-being indicators. Key findings showed that higher numbers of natural elements in home offices were positively linked to greater feelings of solidarity and group identity with colleagues, and that latent profile analysis revealed distinct subgroups with different stress responses based on nature exposure patterns.
Architectural Interventions & Occupant Well-Being
This project used a variety of human-subjects methodologies to evaluate how architectural design choices affect four dimensions of occupant well-being: sense of belonging, stress, creativity, and pro-environmental concern. Across six online studies, one lab experiment, and one virtual reality experiment, design interventions varying materials, lighting, and decor representing diverse identities were tested in workplace environments. Key findings include that diverse decor improved creativity metrics, the presence of windows increased sense of belonging, and natural materials combined with windows reduced stress indicators.
Sustainable Cities
In Progress
This in-progress project aims to systematically extract peer-reviewed articles on state-of-the-art approaches to sustainable cities through the lens of social sustainability.
Climate Change & Bangladeshi Infrastructure
This project assessed the risk to coastal infrastructure in Bangladesh under climate change, from a multi-hazard perspective. A novel risk assessment matrix was proposed, examining the likely future risk to the country's key infrastructure elements from six prioritised hazards. Bangladeshi infrastructure was found to be extremely at risk, suggesting rapid action and mitigation measures are needed. Climate change will increase the vulnerability of infrastructure on its own, but higher storm surges related to intensified cyclones pose the greatest risk, with catastrophic impacts on all types of infrastructure.
Sustainable Water Supplies in Rural Nicaragua
These projects, led by Global Brigades, contributed to the completion of sustainable water supply systems in two rural communities in Nicaragua, Ochomogo and La Corneta, servicing a total of 594 rural residents. A sustainability assessment of the La Corneta project was also conducted in partnership with Global Brigades using the ASPIRE software framework, a tool developed by Engineers Against Poverty to evaluate the long-term sustainability of water and sanitation infrastructure in low-income communities.
Temporary Works Design for High-Speed 2
High Speed 2 (HS2) is the United Kingdom's flagship high-speed rail infrastructure programme, designed to connect London with major cities across the Midlands and the North. This project focused on the enabling works stage of the HS2 route, during which preparatory civil engineering structures are required before main construction can begin. Temporary works structures — including piling platforms and hoardings — were designed to provide the safe and compliant foundations necessary to support the enabling works programme.
Gas Replacement
Triio is a joint venture between Cadent Gas and Skanska formed to modernise the gas distribution network across London. The role involved working across multiple construction sites, contributing to the replacement and upgrading of gas infrastructure throughout the city. Responsibilities included managing site surveys, overseeing quality control, coordinating communications with residents, local agencies, and designers, and leading the preparation of handover packages at project completion.
AI-Driven Deliberation for Data Centers
In Progress
Public misconceptions and misinformation pose significant barriers to responsible infrastructure decision-making. This project applies Deliberative Polling, a structured method that helps communities form and revise informed opinions, to deliberations around data center development. As data centers become increasingly central to digital infrastructure, communities face complex trade-offs involving energy use, land, and local impacts. This project extends the AI-assisted Stanford Online Deliberation Platform to conduct targeted deliberations in partnership with industry and city partners to understand community perspectives and inform data center policies and design.
Education
Stanford Doctor of Philosophy, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University
UCL Master of Science, Engineering for International Development, University College London
UCL Bachelor of Engineering, Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London
Publications
2025
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Sustainable Cities and Society, 2025
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Journal of Building Engineering, 2025
2024
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Building and Environment, 253, 111293, 2024
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Ecopsychology, 16(4), 333–346, 2024
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Environment and Behavior, 56(7–8), 577–613, 2024
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Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2024
2023
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Building and Environment, 245, 110909, 2023
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Computing in Civil Engineering 2023 (ASCE), pp. 93–101, 2023
2022
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Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 2022
2021
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International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021
News
- Stanford ReportIs there a limit to indoor nature's benefits?
- Stanford EngineeringWhat's the right amount of indoor nature?
- The Stanford DailyHow much indoor nature is too much?
- Stanford MagazineNatural Selection
- BloombergHow many plants are too many for your office?
- NewsweekScientists Reveal the Ideal Amount of Pot Plants for Wellness
- New York PostToo many houseplants may actually stress you out, study finds
- Morning Brew Daily PodcastHow many plants is too many? (at 23 min)
- MSNResearch on indoor nature and well-being
- NautilusThe right dose of nature for your office
- Green MattersToo Much of a Good Thing? The Ideal Number of Indoor Plants
- The LoopIndoor greenery and occupant well-being
- NDTVStudy reveals the ideal amount of indoor plants for well-being
- Phys.orgWhen indoor plants go overboard: Too much greenery can raise stress levels
Global Engagements
Conferences, fieldwork, and research around the world. Click a marker for details.
Affiliations
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Stanford Sustainable Cities ProgramPostdoctoral Scholar, 2025–2026Visit →
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Billington LabDoctoral Researcher, 2021–2025Visit →
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Hybrid Physical & Digital Spaces LabResearch Assistant, 2021–2023Visit →
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Center for Integrated Facility EngineeringResearch Assistant, 2022–2023Visit →
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Stanford Impact LabsFellow, 2022Visit →
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UCL Civil, Environmental & Geomatic EngineeringB.Eng & M.Sc StudentVisit →
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SkanskaSite Engineer & Designer, 2018–2020Visit →